AFT-операции для погашения займов
AFT-транзакция (Account Funding Transaction) – это операция пополнения счета с карты, используемая для погашения займов, кредитов, оформленных как в банках, так и в МФО.
Объем кредитования неуклонно растет во всем мире – это огромная отрасль, и на ней зарабатывают не только кредитные организации. Например, в России за последнее десятилетие только ипотечных кредитов стало выдаваться в 10 раз больше, а еще есть потребительские, для бизнеса и т.д.
Предыстория
Несколько лет назад Visa и Mastercard заметили огромный трафик в сфере погашений кредитов в оффлайне. Люди гасили кредиты не реже, а может и чаще, чем совершали покупки товаров и услуг. И платежные системы увидели в этом источник прироста онлайн трафика и нашли возможность существенно снизить стоимость таких операций.
В чем была проблема…
Загвоздка состояла в том, что люди погашали кредиты наличными в отделениях банков или через сети терминалов. Классический ритейловый interchange fee (тариф за операцию) был дорог для банков. Поэтому заемщики не использовали онлайн сервисы, ведь комиссия с каждой транзакции ложилась на их плечи.
Решение – AFT операции с пониженной ставкой
Чтобы привлечь трафик от погашений займов из оффлайна в онлайн, платежные системы определили: погашение займа – это не покупка, а перевод. А значит для таких операций можно применять тарифы, действующие для переводов денежных средств.
Так AFT-операции быстро стали популярны за счет фиксированного минимального тарифа и отсутствия возможности опротестования (чарджбэка) платежа.
Чем характерен AFT?
- Низкая ставка.
- AFT-транзакция приравнивается к операции перевода денежных средств. Фактически переводы — это снятие наличных средств. И если операции происходят по кредитным, а не дебетовым картам, то как правило, отсутствует grace период и взимается дополнительная комиссия.
- AFT-операция становится более рисковой с точки зрения AML (приравняв ее к снятию наличных, банки возложили на нее дополнительные лимиты).
- AFT-операция становится более рискованной с точки зрения кражи денег. Это характеризуется более тщательным мониторингом со стороны специальных систем банков-эмитентов по объему и количеству операций.
Иными словами: получив более дешевую транзакцию, МФО получают меньший approval rate.
Именно поэтому команда SBC при обработке AFT-операций использует систему маршрутизации и балансировки трафика. Каскадный биллинг значительно оптимизирует затраты клиента и не сказывается на уровне конверсии.
Как повлияла комиссия Сбера 1,25% на МФО
Начиная с 1 июля 2022 года действует комиссия за вывод денег с карты Сбера на карты других банков, кредитных и микрофинансовых организаций, электронных кошельков через их сайты и приложения.
Казалось бы, комиссия призвана уменьшить объем «стягивания» с карт Сбера на карты других банков, и при чем здесь МФО?
А суть в том, что для «стягивания» с карты Сбера и для оплаты кредита/займа используется один и тот же тариф — AFT.
AFT-транзакция (Account Funding Transaction) – это операция пополнения счета с карты, используемая для погашения займов, кредитов, оформленных как в банках, так и в МФО.
Стоит эта операция для МФО существенно меньше, чем стандартный тариф ecom. Может быть разброс в ставках, но AFT стоит 0,5-0,7%, а ecom — 2-2,4% (в конкретной организации могут быть тарифы как выше, так и ниже).
По AFT не проходили платежи со всех карт, например, с кредитных, поэтому использовался балансировщик, если не прошел платеж по одному тарифу, идет в другой.
Сейчас, если МФО брала на себя расходы по эквайрингу, то заёмщик автоматом попадает на 1,25%. Если комиссия перекладывалась на заёмщика, то теперь эта комиссия увеличилась.
Некоторые МФО уже перешли целиком на тариф ecom, так как это понятнее для заёмщика и прозрачнее.
С появлением СБП, где пока нельзя поставить верхнюю комиссию, в методе оплаты картой комиссия перевешивается на заёмщика.
Так что, установка комиссии 1,25% Сбером увеличила комиссию за погашение и толкнула рынок еще более быстрыми темпами внедрять погашение по СБП. В этом уравнении карты все еще есть только потому, что в СБП не реализовано списание по заранее данному акцепту
Perform an Account Funding Transaction
An Account Funding Transaction (AFT) is a transaction in which funds are pulled from an account and used to fund a non-merchant account. For example, to load a prepaid card, top up a wallet, or fund a person-to-person (P2P) money transfer.
The Unified Payments API can be used to perform an AFT for Visa or Mastercard.
Information
To start using this feature, please contact your Account Manager.
Use the details below to set up your request.
Endpoints
For the full API specification, see the API reference.
Body parameters
The processing.aft field indicates whether the payment request is an AFT, and is required for both Visa and Mastercard AFTs.
Recipient object data
The first line of the recipient’s address
The second line of the recipient’s address
The recipient's city
The recipient's country
The recipient's state (only applicable for US addresses)
The recipient's zip code
- If funding an account: the recipient's account number
- If funding a card: the primary account number (PAN)
The recipient's account number can be any identifier — for example, an IBAN, internal account number, phone number, or part of the PAN (the first six digits and the last four digits)
The recipient's date of birth
The recipient's first name (if the recipient is an organization, this should be the organization name)
The recipient's last name (if the recipient is an organization, this field is not required)
Visa field requirements
In Europe and the UK, first_name , last_name , and account_number are mandatory for domestic European AFTs and intra-EEA/UK AFTs. This means the issuer, acquirer, and merchant are all located in the European Economic Area (EEA) or the UK.
In the US, the first_name , last_name , and address fields are mandatory for domestic AFTs.
For domestic AFTs in other jurisdictions, these fields are optional.
For cross-border AFTs, first_name , last_name , and account_number are mandatory.
Mastercard field requirements
The first_name , last_name , account_number , and address.country fields are mandatory globally.
Sender object data
The first line of the sender's address
The second line of the sender's address
The sender's city
The sender's country
The sender's state (only applicable for US addresses)
The sender's zip code
The sender's date of birth
The sender's first name
The two-digit ISO 3166 country code of the country that issued the identification
The identification number
The type of identification used to identify the sender (for example, a passport or driving license)
The sender's last name
The merchant's unique customer ID
The type of sender (for example, an individual)
Visa field requirements
In Europe and the UK, the first_name , last_name , and address fields are mandatory for intra-EEA/UK AFTs. This means the issuer, acquirer, and merchant are all located in the European Economic Area (EEA) or the UK.
In the US, first_name , last_name , and address are mandatory for domestic AFTs.
For domestic AFTs in other jurisdictions, these fields are optional.
For cross-border AFTs, first_name , last_name , and address are mandatory.
Mastercard field requirements
All fields are optional in the supported jurisdictions.
Request example
Response example
Use the approved field to check whether or not the authorization was successful ( "approved": true ). If your authorization was not successful, it's possible the payment used an invalid/expired card, or a valid card with an insufficient available balance.
If you received a 202 response, the payment requires a redirect. For example, if the payment is 3D Secure.
Information
The following pages can help you understand the response message:
The possible values for the status field include Authorized , Captured , Card Verified , Declined , and Pending . Note that Pending only applies to 3D Secure payments.
Original Credit Transaction – What is OCT? / Account Funding Transaction – What is AFT?
Payments in real-time are rapidly becoming the de facto standard of the payments industry, given how fast and seamlessly everything happens. Users simply save their credit card or debit card information into Apple Pay or a Google Wallet, and funds are readily available to them for a multitude of transactions. Maybe a group of friends at a restaurant want to quickly settle a bill among one another as the bill arrives. There are now practical solutions available to them to settle it all digitally.
What is essential to understand is that all this is made as seamless and simply as it is by technologies called Original Credit Transaction (OCT) and Account Funding Transaction (AFT). Below we explain what OCT payments and AFT transactions are, how they work, and their benefits.
What is an Original Credit Transaction (OCT)?
Original Credit Transaction (OCT) is a method of real-time payment available from the Visa network that sends payments via a ‘push’ mechanism specifically over the VisaNet electronic payments network to specific card-based account holders into who’s accounts the payments are credited.
These push transfers are quick and convenient, and the payments can be credited to a specific cardholder’s card. The OCT push payment framework was designed to speed up funds delivery and create a method so that the payments go directly to a specific card number.
Other products that are also OCT products are Mastercard Moneysend and Visa Direct. OCT is available in over 200 countries and has a reach of over one billion Mastercard and Visa cardholders. The funds can be transferred to a credit card, a debit card, as well as prepaid cards, as long as those cards have the fast funds functionality enabled on them.
What is an Account Funding Transaction (AFT)?
Account Funding Transaction, or AFT, is a method available from the Visa network that withdraws funds via a ‘pull’ mechanism specifically over the VisaNet electronic payments network to fund a different account via an OCT transfer. The account that is being funded via the OCT’ push’ transfer can fund the cardholder’s own card, or another person’s card. As the name suggests, AFT is a transfer to fund a card account.
Some examples of AFT are:
- Adding funds to a prepaid card account
- Transferring funds into another account, such as a savings account
- Transferring funds to your own or another person’s digital wallet
- Funding a person-to-person (P2P) funds transfer
How do OCT and AFT work?
For an OCT or AFT to work, customers don’t have to do anything different from traditional online transaction where they enter their card information and certain authentication data, such as the CVV code at the back of their card. Just as digital wallets or online marketplace platforms save your card information after entering it for the first time, so do the OCT and AFT platforms.
In terms of the actual funds’ movement, AFT is executed so funds are debited from a cardholder’s account, and the OCT is performed to credit those funds into the recipient’s account. The same principles apply for peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers, where AFT is applied, funds are debited from the originator’s account, and then, using OCT, funds are credited to the recipient’s account. The same is the case for payments between business to business (B2B), businesses to consumers (B2C), and disbursements by government agencies.
Card network programs such as Visa Direct, Mastercard Send, and MoneySend offer these OCT and AFT options. In the event an OCT is declined, the AFT is reversed, referred to as an Account Funding Transaction Reversal (AFTR).
Benefits of OCT and AFT
Below are some of the many benefits of OCT and AFT transactions.
Speed – The most significant benefit is the speed at which these payments happen. What may have taken days to complete in the past, is done n a matter of minutes, if not seconds.
Minimal wait times – Visa and Mastercard platforms may complete the transaction in real-time, but sometimes banks take some time to clear those funds for the end-user. Visa has specific rules in certain countries that require OCT funds to be cleared and available in the recipient’s account within 30 minutes.
Worldwide coverage – OCT and AFT payments can be processed in every currency and country in which Mastercard and Visa are accepted, currently in 200 countries.
Security – all parties can rest assured of the safety and reliability of payment transfers as they are backed by Mastercard and Visa, all completed in compliance with PCI guidelines.
Reduced Complexity – in numerous scenarios in which payment systems become complex, such as cross-border payments and payments of winnings from online gaming and gambling sites, OCT payments are the best way to ease that complexity by utilizing this mechanism.
There have been many financial technology innovations over the years. The payments industry has undergone a renaissance as physical technology evolves, combining these innovations into a single device such as the smartphone, coupled with consumer preferences towards increasing the use of that device for almost everything. As a result, consumers look to their smartphones to process payments in real-time to pay for bills, transfer funds to family and friends, and do away with the inconvenience of carrying cash forever.
Some of the underlying technologies that make that possible are Original Credit Transaction (OCT) and Account Funding Transfer (AFT). It is helpful for merchant services customers to have a good understanding of these payment mechanisms, what they are, how they work, and their many benefits.